Quantitative Research Paper Essay

Quantitative interrogation involves classification of definite features, calculations and construction of statistical models that sack describe these features. In contrast, qualitative explore is more than foc workoutd on description of features excluding statistical descriptions. In duodecimal seek, info ar summarized in the casting of verbal descriptions or in writing(p) representations. On the contrary, in qualitative research they appear in statistical tables, graphs, or charts.The tec is more likely to use qualitative research in the earlier phases of the research project when one is looking for ideas to be later explored in depth within a quantitative framework. The treat of data in quantitative research is more likely to include a subjective component than in the other type. As a result, the results of quantitative research can a good deal mix the context of the take aim but provide enough temporal to appraise a true hypothesis.A literature review should be compiled in order to dissolving agent a specific question or gather data to evaluate a hypothesis. The researcher should define the type of literature one wants to use as well as the scope of information to be employ in the research. The sources used should be appropriate for the topic. Depending on the type of research, the sources should be predominantly or only peer-reviewed academic publications relevant to the explored question or field of study. The publications used in literature review should be critically evaluated by the reviewer.It is to a fault important to organize the literature review in a coherent manner so that it is divided into understandable units. An rendering of how this or that topic fits into the research framework should be provided. The synthesis of material should provide adequate back backcloth for the topic under research.Conceptualization and operationalization form two pillars of science as these two methods allow researchers to use concepts that a r the foundation of human exploration of the universe. By grouping objects into categories called concepts and ruining serviceable ways of measuring these concepts through with(predicate) operationalization, researchers can explore a var. of objects, phenomena and situations.Theories need to be formulated with the help of specific concepts. Here formulation plays a crucial role, permitting scholars to define classes that pull up stakes be described by this or that concept. Conceptualization creates a concept that can be defined in all complexity of relationships and serve as common ground for exploration of an object or phenomenon by different researchers.Operationalization allows practical drill of concepts, permitting their measurement through concrete observations. Each science seeks to define its conceptual apparatus through specific observations. As a result of this quest, to operationally define basic concepts has now suit central to all sciences (Wikipedia, 2006).The clause Money, money, money an exploratory study on the financial literacy of Black college students by Angela J. Murphy that appeared in the September 2005 issue of College scholar Journal investigates the charm of race, gender, age, major and enatic educational level on the financial noesis of undergraduate students be a predominantly Black institution. The researcher has identified a strikingly low level of financial literacy among such(prenominal) students. Age and major were found to have slight entice, while parental education and major had more impact. One research question can be formulated as Does age have an influence on financial literacy of Black college students?. Another one is Does major have an influence on financial literacy of Black college students?.In parasitic variables included race, gender, parental education, and age. The dependent variable was the financial literacy in certain areas including the topics of income taxes, credit consigning, short consid eration savings, investing for retirement, social security, future college costs and home causeership (Murphy, 2005).The research used postdates. The method is justified because it permitted researchers to have structured, generalizable results that could be analysed with statistical methods. The resume also allowed people to ask a broad range of students attending various institutions.Mail refresh and personal interview are exchangeable in the first place because they exam personal attitudes of people toward a subject or phenomenon. Both involve respondents with their individual differences, cultural background, demographic situation that influence the research. The difference lies first of all in the number personal interview involves face-to-face contact whereas a mail survey envisages written communication. Consequently, an interview is more personal, while a mail survey presupposes less personal interaction between the researcher and the respondent.In organisational beh avior investigation, a personal interview is more subjective because the musician volition be influenced by personal perception of the researcher, possible optimistic or negative associations, etc. A mail survey, on the contrary, will be free from these limitations. The downside, however, is the frequently low rate of response that is often accountable for bias in answers. A more personal interaction can create more opportunities for the researcher to probe the topic with open-ended questions and find out the opinion of the interviewee with more detail. In addition, if the interviewee finds certain questions ambiguous, he or she can clarify details with the scientist, while this opportunity is oblivious in the case of a mail survey.To investigate the question of trust, a personal interview is preferable. First, it is considered the most reliable method of data collection, specially when attitudinal behavior is of concern (Pennsylvania Department of Health, 2001). Especially whe n executives are targeted, the time consumed in filling out a mail survey may become a factor that will discourage most of the targeted public from answering. The election can be constrained by the budget, as personal interviews are traditionally considered the most expensive research method.In an test, the researcher is nerve-wracking to answer a question performing certain actions that will test the validity of a hypothesis. In a steering group, the researcher is typically trying to explore a broad range of issues. As such, a focus group is called upon to conduct a discussion using active question rather than answer a specific question. Besides, the results from a focus group will be less rigidly defined and will require more scholarly interpretation whereas the experiment should deliver a more specific answer to the question.The advantage of focus groups is the open-ended spirit of the research that opens possibilities for participants to air their views on many important s ubjects and share opinions. Besides, it is more personal and allows for greater consideration of individual differences, as interaction also enables participants to ask questions of each other, as well as to re-evaluate and reconsider their own understandings of their specific experiences (Gibbs, 1997). However, a focus group can be practically difficult to organize, involves participants coming from different cultures that can contribute to bias. Besides, these groups offer less predictable results as researcher, or moderator, for example, has less control over the data produced than in other methods (Gibbs, 1997).An experiment, on the other hand, provides for a greater storey of control, especially in controlled experiments, which contributes the data more adapted to generalization. However, there is a possibility that participants will behave in controlled environments differently than they would under typically circumstances.An example of research question that can be tested t hrough a focus group is What qualities of Dove soap brand make it appealing to consumers? A focus group would allow participants to share views on the subject with a relatively large degree of freedom so that new, unexpected answers can come up. A question to be tested with an experiment can be Do people buy Mercedes cars for prime(a) or prestige? This question can be answered in an experiment since here one can identify dependent and independent variables and develop a statistical apparatus to answer the question.ReferencesGibbs, A. (1997, Winter). Focus Groups. Social question Update. Retrieved July 2, 2006, from http//www.soc.surrey.ac.uk/sru/SRU19.htmlMurphy. A.J. (2005, September). Money, money, money an exploratory study on the financial literacy of Black college students. College Student Journal. Retrieved July 2, 2006, from http//findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0FCR/is_3_39/ai_n15384395Pennsylvania Department of Health. (2001). Health Statistics Technical AssistanceTools of the Trade. Retrieved July 2, 2006, from http//www.health.state.pa.us/hpa/stats/techassist/surveytypes.htmWikipedia. (2006). Operationalization. Retrieved July 2, 2006, from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operationalization