Effects of Ict in Society - 1709 Words

ICT has made a huge impact on the day to day lives of society especially the use of the World Wide Web, as it allows us to be kept informed on a range of issues; and also allows us to communicate with one another without using e-mail without any difficulty. We are able to use on-line banking and on-line shopping which many people today rely on and a number of other services that we may require such as applying for a passport, booking a driving test, completing a tax return etc. Nowadays anything is possible when using ICT as a way of communicating between organisations and society. In this report I will be looking at how ICT has affected different people, how it is used to communicate with one another and how â€Å"The Digital Divide† has†¦show more content†¦On-line shopping is the ideal way to shop around and find the best prices without stepping outside your front door; you can buy groceries clothes, furniture, toys, films and much more from websites offering e-com merce. The great thing about shopping on the World Wide Web is that individuals can shop around for the best prices and also can buy from items from abroad so you are not limited to just the shops located in your areas and you can simply get them delivered directly to your door. Also if some people have difficulty in leaving the house than they can easily order any products or services that they may require online. To make online shopping even more appealing many companies often offer extra discounts saving the customer even more money. Although, as well as having all these benefits there are also a number of drawbacks to consider such as, when purchasing a product or service you almost always have to provide a credit or debit card number to pay for the items, this is bad in two ways; one is that individuals may not have a credit card in order to pay and the other is that there is a concern about the security of passing card details through the net. There can also be a disadvantage when using auction sites suchShow MoreRelatedIct : Information And Communication Technologies1350 Words   |  6 PagesICT stands for Information and Communication technologies; it is a notation used to summaries technologies, which consist of devices to collect, store, edit and transfer information in various forms. I am writing this report to inform the importance of ICT in different sectors; such as education, health and banking. In addition to this, I would like to inform about the development of technology over the years. I am going to carry out this research through the use of online sources and textbooks.Read MoreKiryl Slizheuski. Student Number Here. Class Section Here.1675 Words   |  7 PagesKiryl Slizheuski STUDENT NUMBER HERE CLASS SECTION HERE ICT Controversy Paper: Do ICTs Improve Work Productivity? Introduction Technology is at the core of modern society. Accordingly, information and communication technologies (ICTs) now have a significant presence in the workplace. Yet, this integration has left many wondering whether ICTs actually improve work productivity. Corporations, governments, as well as non-government organizations have been pursuing this pressing question (Boeri 107)Read MoreIct : Empowering African Women Essay1323 Words   |  6 PagesICTs Empowering African Women to Participate in Business Information Communications Technologies (hereafter referred to as ICTs) have played an invaluable role in empowering women in Africa to enter into the business domain, specifically within the rural, informal business context. However, it is also true that there are many challenges facing African women with regards to the use of ICTs in business enterprises. ICTs are defined by Blurton (1999, pg. 1) as a â€Å"diverse set of technological tools andRead MoreIn modern times Information Communication Technology (ICT) has become ever-present in life.800 Words   |  4 Pagesmodern times Information Communication Technology (ICT) has become ever-present in life. Sometimes it feels as though it is encroaching on daily routine but the advantages it offers in both personal and working life are prodigious. This essay will examine the impact ICT currently has, on private life and at work. The issues arising from the developments of these technologies will also be given consideration. Furthermore legislation relevant to ICT will be examined to ensure there is adequate protectionRead MoreImpact of Ict on Banking and Finance1574 Words   |  7 PagesIMPACT OF ICT IN BANKING AND FINANCE As in a pendulum movement, the reflections about the impact of ICTs in the Economy have swung from enthusiasm to realism and back to optimism, being each of these states really subjective and implying a wide range of shades within. After a first period of cyberoptimism, people that â€Å"wanted to see† and people that thought â€Å"waiting to see† was a bad strategy because â€Å"it will then be too late†, followed a timespan where scientists — mainly economists — stuck to strictRead MoreEssay on Computer Science: Key for Modern Day Innovation985 Words   |  4 Pagessimilar to the Dark Ages, that is, zero. However, there is a large border between innovation in the past and innovation today. This is because major branches of technology have already been discovered. One example of a major branch of technology is ICT. Consequently, Computer Science and the Internet could revolutionize the modern world and make tasks, known as difficult beforehand, simpler and could potentially increase innovation rate tenfold. Innovation growth may be plummeting down, althoughRead MoreThe Effects Of Culture On Diversity Management Essay1393 Words   |  6 Pages2.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter outlines the effects of culture on diversity management in organizations in Kenya. Secondly, it highlights the literature related factors that affect culture and in turn diversity management in organizations in Kenya such as technology, level of skilled workers, policies enforced by organizations in Kenya, and the level of resources available to them. The chapter also analysed literature related to other aspects that effect diversity management in organizations in KenyaRead MoreTechnology Is A Great Enhancement1565 Words   |  7 Pagesprogressive but most people do not associate it with negative social effects it has on industrialized nations. Technology has damaged the way people communicate with one another and is affecting adolescent development and the loss of the ability to express feelings, although for the medical field and employees who incorporate technology in their personal lives and work life, it has been a positive revolution. Not all technology is bad for society but we must find a way to use technology without affectingRead MoreEmergence of Globalization Phenomenon1521 Words   |  6 Pagescultural boundaries around the globe. One of the significant effect is the advent of cheap, faster and reliable communications which act as a medium for growth, productivity and social interaction. Different technologies developed fairly independently like computers, satellite TV, print media and telegraphy have fused together to form the global communication network. The proliferation of information and communication technologies (ICTs) and the possibility of wire and wireless almost everywhere,Read MoreThe Explosion Of Technology On The Education Scene1667 Words   |  7 Pagesteaching and learning processes (Henson, 2010, p.63). Mercelle (2000) defined ICT as â€Å"complex and heterogeneous set of good applications and services used for producing, distributing, processing and transforming information-including telecoms, TV and radio broadcasting, computer hardware and software, computer services and electronic media (e.g. Internet, electronic mail, electronic commerce etc.)†. Voogt (2003) explained that ICT is not regarded as a tool which can be added to or used as a substitute

Fear-Definition Paper - 1020 Words

Fear Heart pounding, heavy breathing, and pale skin are all triggered by what is known as fear. But what is fear, really? Is it simply just being afraid? Are there things that should be feared? Can a person control fear? These questions can be thought-provoking at best but they all lead to the same answer. Fear is what overcomes the mind when a person is put into a situation they dont know how to handle. Fear can be expressed in many ways, such as crying, screaming, sweating, silence, running, hiding, and much more. Fear is like that moment of not knowing what is going to happen. Certain situations call for different actions. For example, a young woman is sitting at home watching tv when all of a sudden the back door crashes†¦show more content†¦As she is checking out, she notices that one man in line has something sticking out of his coat pocket. As she looks closer, she realizes its a gun and immediately begins to breath heavy. The man with the gun is just an undercover cop picking some things up. When the woman realizes this, she begins to calm down. Her expression of fear was breathing heavy. Just the sight of a gun, lets the fear set in and take over. For her it brings up bad memories of the past. Coping with fear is a hard thing to do, but it is the only thing some people can do. While coping is an option, some people try to face their fears. Can someone overcome a fear, if said fear has not been experienced? If a man has a fear of skydiving, but has never actually done it, can he truly fear it? Other factors can play a role, such as if the man is afraid of heights due to a bad experience or if the man has asthma. If the man has a fear of heights, then it would be assumed that he would have a fear of skydiving. But if the man just feared skydiving by itself, would he face his fear by skydiving? Yes, he would. To overcome a fear doesnt always mean it has to be experienced. The man could of witnessed another guy fall to his death from skydiving and now fear death. Everyone experiences fear at one point in their life. The experiences may vary greatly, but fear is still outcome. Without fear boundaries would not matter. What is stopping a person from robbing a bank? Fear.Show MoreRelatedUnited States Department Of State1748 Words   |  7 Pagesviole nce, the fear they instill in the population, and the influence they have on policy shows that these organizations should be considered as more than petty criminals trying to make money. While economic gain remains one of the main goals of these groups, there is much that falls under the umbrella of terrorism.   Terrorism, while difficult to define, still has a few key features that are mostly agreed upon. These features will be explored in depth through a discussion of the definition. FollowingRead MoreEssay on What is Plagiarism and How to Avoid It557 Words   |  3 Pagesto avoid it has been a major question on every students’ mind. Sure it is easy just to copy and paste and take all the credit for the work that another individual put in, but is it worth it? According to WPA, Writing Program Administrators, the definition of plagiarism as states, â€Å"plagiarism occurs when a writer deliberately uses someone else’s language, ideas, or other original (not common-knowledge) material without acknowledging its source.† Plagiarism has always concerned teachers and administratorsRead MoreDifficulties Of Defining Terrorism And Terrorism807 Words   |  4 PagesAbstract The purpose of this paper is to discuss the difficulties defining terrorism. I will focus on four government agencies definitions of terrorism. I will then choose two to compare and contrast. Then I will choose one definition of the four agencies that I believe most accurately defines terrorism. Difficulties of Defining Terrorism The definition of terrorism may give an enormous impetus in the way of combating terrorism. There is no single, universal definition of terrorism. It is generalizedRead MoreList Of Definitions Of Terrorism Essay969 Words   |  4 Pagesmeans to combat future acts of terrorism. Although the literature presents these main themes in a variety of perspectives, this paper will primarily focus on their applicability to the terrorist lifecycle. Defining Terrorism What is a terrorist? Before we can determine the likelihood of developing a terrorist profile, it is important to review the current definition for ‘terrorism’. The definitive value for this label has varied throughout time as governments and administrations change and asRead MoreIntro to Intellecutal Disability1110 Words   |  5 Pagescourse the students’ parents. This paper was designed to answer a few questions about ID and the concerns that these educators have in regards to the terminology of ID. The issues with ID laws and the identification process for student with ID. Their concerns with the definition and classification of students with ID as well as the impact of characteristics of ID on learning, social attitudes, and curricular needs were also discussed. For the purpose of this paper only the Special Educator and GeneralRead MoreLanguage Paper1243 Words   |  5 PagesLanguage Paper PSY 360 Language Paper Language is something that generally every human has as a form of communication. It can be in the form of verbal words, in the form of written words, or even in the form of signed words, but it is something that as humans we all use in one way or another. The need for language evolved as a way for people to express their thoughts, their feelings and emotions, and even their fears. Humans needed a way to communicate with each other to express thingsRead MoreTerrorism is not a derogatory moral classification; rather, it is a mode of warfare1600 Words   |  7 Pagesstereotyping, and why is it so important that people realize this mistake? Through the points in this paper, I hope to explain the historical part of terrorism and not only how that has molded terrorism today but why terrorism isn’t a derogatory moral classification. In this paper I will address three things about terrorism: 1. Terrorism and it’s definition and history. 2. The way it’s used. 3. Terrorism’s trueRead MoreImplementing Multicultural Education Essay1113 Words   |  5 Pageseducation that is discussed, there are always those who disagree with that change. These critics deem that they are problems that exist with the concept of multicultural education. One argument against multicultural education is the fear that the lack of a clear definition will essentially confuse teachers which will affect the classroom. Professor Ryan, a professor of education at Lasalle University states that â€Å"the term multicultural education is a slogan. It means different things to different peopleRead MoreThe Kotter s Model Of Change Management880 Words   |  4 Pagesresearch paper introduces the reader to the concept of change management in a corporation. Change management is an important aspect applicable to any organization. It entails the technology employed to effect change in an organization. There are many models of change management; howe ver, this paper focuses on the Kotter’s model of change management. The Kotter’s model of change management dictates that the change leader use eight steps to effect change in the organization. The research paper seeks toRead MoreCauses and Effects of Stress on Our Lives808 Words   |  3 Pagesmain cause of stress, which can lead someone to be nervous, crazy or angry. Not all stress are harmful, an equalized amount of stress maximizes health. Humans need some stress for emotional well-being. The fundamentals that causes stress are noise, fear, pressure from work or family, worrying a lot and working too much or too hard at your jobs, schools or home. Body Paragraph 1 Firstly, worrying too much about things can lead or cause awful stress. The human needs to be relaxed and unworried about

Essay on The Government Stimulus - 1697 Words

In these current economic times, people have lost jobs. People have lost faith in the economy since the worth of their money keeps falling. Businesses are failing left and right because of the lack of confidence in the system. Banks have folded because of the amount of people who are unable to pay their loans, leaving the banks without funds. The auto industry is failing as people cannot afford the new cars being produced by Detroit. Confidence in the economic system of the United States is very low. How can the country recover from this economic recession? Some economists would say that the government should step in to save the day by pumping funds into the system. President Obama signed a massive stimulus bill in an attempt to turn the†¦show more content†¦See Figure 1 To help gain support for the bill, President Obama made statements about how the bill would help the economy. In his January 10th radio address, President-elect Obama said: †¦I asked my nominee for chair of the Council of Economic Advisers, Dr. Christina Romer, and the vice president-elects chief economic adviser, Dr. Jared Bernstein , to conduct a rigorous analysis of this plan and come up with projections of how many jobs it will create—and what kind of jobs they will be†¦ The report confirms that our plan will likely save or create 3 to 4 million jobs†¦ The jobs we create will be in businesses large and small across a wide range of industries. And theyll be the kind of jobs that dont just put people to work in the short term, but position our economy to lead the world in the long-term†¦ The jobs being created by the House bill could cost as much as 2.5 times more than jobs created without the stimulus bill. (Grassley) The funds from the bill were to be allocated to different projects that were designed to create jobs. Part of this was a distribution of the funds to states based on how effectively they would use the funds (Chenn). In an article quoted by Chenn, Daniel Wilson says that the bill is aimed at states that are in need of funds, therefore they will spend the moneyShow MoreRelatedGovernment Intervention in the Economy: Are Monetary and Fiscal Stimulus Policies Possible Tools for Getting an Economy Out of a Recession2541 Words   |  11 PagesSubject Area: Economics Topic: Deficit Spending Essential Question: Should the government use instruments of monetary and fiscal stimulus policies to reactivate the economy? Imagine people living in parks called Bushville’s, lines for soup kitchens that go for blocks, and all across the country kids running away from home travelling on trains searching for your next meal. This is just a taste of what 2009 could have been, but thankfully, the year did not go down this way although it will be rememberedRead MoreThe Recession Of A Recession1035 Words   |  5 Pagescrisis, numerous government policies were enforced. A recession usually last 6 to 18 months and interest rate fall to stimulate the economy. During a recession, people tend not to spend, borrow, but to save money because of a fall in confidence. The government initiates an expansionary fiscal policy which involves increasing stimulus government spending and cutting taxes. However, the question is can increased stimulus spending help end the recession. The first article, â€Å"Increased Stimulus Spending CanRead MoreU.s. Economic Stimulus Package843 Words   |  4 Pages U.S. Economic Stimulus Package Jason Leitch-Williams St. Gregory’s University U.S. Economic Stimulus The Great Recession has been one of the largest fiscal crises of the current generation and the economic downturn that resulted has been recorded as the longest and most severe since the Great Depression (The Impact of the Recovery Act on Economic Growth). Although the economy has reached a stage of recovery, the effects of the recession to real GDP can be seen in business cycleRead MoreFinancial Crisis During World War II1119 Words   |  5 Pagesfeel the onset of a recession or the economy starts to slow down, the government looks to restore the economic growth through different stimulus plans. The recession of 2008 was one example. When the housing bubble burst it caused panic with quick financial fallout, â€Å"the government took immediate measure to stimulate the economy back to normal and to restore confidence in the economic market†. Congress approved the Economic Stimulus Package in 2008 that the Bush Administration put together. â€Å"The packageRead MoreGlobal Economic Recession Essay810 Words   |  4 PagesCountries began taking action in 2008 by implementing stimulus packages and bailout plans, which can help a country locally, federally and on a global scale. The United States stimulus package has been in effect for over a year and they have been distributing bailout money to large corporations, investing in infrastructure and public services as well as investing into green incentives. The States were one of the first countries to begin a stimulus package in 2008 under the Bush administration. InRead MoreThe Great Recession Fiscal Policy: Analyzing Problems and Solutions1429 Words   |  6 PagesAs a result of the Great Recession of 2007 to 2009, the United States government implemented various fiscal policies in an effort to stimulate the economy. How the government responded as well as how those responses will affect the U.S. economy into the future are the focus of a proposed research study. In order to ensure an appropriate focus for the proposed research study, problems in existing literature must be evaluated. This paper is structured as follows. In order to better understand theRead MoreKeynesian Vs Real Business Cycle School741 Words   |  3 PagesEconomists have always had differing views on whether government stimulus packages help or hurt the economy when it’s in a recession. This stems from the same schools of economic theory as mentioned in the response to the first question above – Keynesian vs Real Business Cycle school. On one end you have the Keynesian philosophy, where government fiscal intervention during a recession is deemed necessary. It’s intention is to keep consumer spending afloat by way of public spending or altering theRead MoreFinancial Crisis During World War II1171 Words   |  5 Pagesonset of a recession or the economy starts to slow down, the government looks to restore the economic growth through different stimulus plans. The recession of 2008 was one example. When the housing bubble burst it caused panic with quick financial fallout, à ¢â‚¬Å"the government took immediate measure to stimulate the economy back to normal and to restore confidence in the economic market† (Mitchell). Congress approved the Economic Stimulus Package in 2008 that the Bush Administration put together. â€Å"TheRead MoreJohn Maynard Keynes s Economic Theories Essay1245 Words   |  5 Pagesexpectations. When an economy is in a recession Keynes proposed that the government should buy more output, employ more people, provide more income transfers and make more money available. Keynesian policy popularity changed significantly from the time of the Great Depression to today. During the time of the Great Depression, no one could figure out how to get people to keep spending, but then Keynes came along and suggested that the government must spend the money when all else fails. Keynesian policy wasRead MoreFiscal Policy On Employment, Potential Gdp, And The Economic Growth Rate935 Words   |  4 Pageshistory of tax revenues, outlays, deficits, and debts†. The second object is to â€Å"explain how fiscal stimulus is used to fight a recession†. The third objective is to â€Å"explain the supply-side effects of fiscal policy on employment, potential GDP, and the economic growth rate†. The federal budget has two main reasons it was created. The first is to fund the activities of the federal government. The second was and still is to attain macroeconomic objectives. In order to create the Federal Budget

The Validity of Cognitive Dissonance Theory Essay

Description of Theory The term dissonance refers to when one cognitive element is inconsistent with another cognitive element according to the lecture notes of Professor Soreno. Cognitive elements can be categorized in four groups called beliefs, attitudes, values, and perceptions of behavior. Beliefs can be defined as a perception that something exists or not. This perception can range from a central or peripheral type of belief. The more central a belief is, the harder it is to change that belief. An attitude describes the positive or negative feelings we have toward people, things, or ideas. Values are beliefs that are so important to a person, that they practically guide a person’s life. There are two types of values, instrumental and†¦show more content†¦Thus attitude change is often consistent with the behavioral commitment and may justify it† (Harmon-Jones, 2008). In other words, they are illustrating how in order to reduce cognitive dissonance, one needs to change their behav iors, and the cognitive element that relates most to behavioral change is attitude. Throughout the rest of the book, the authors discuss experiments and tests used to revise the theory and look at the theory through other methods. For the theory to be accepted though, the assumption that dissonance is psychologically uncomfortable must be agreed upon. Another assumption is that people prefer consonance to dissonance. People are pleased when there are no conflicts between their cognitive elements, because it creates harmony within the person. From here, Festinger proposed the major theoretic proposition of the theory that the higher the dissonance, the higher the drive to reduce it. The problem with any assumption is that the criterion has to be filled in order for the theory to work. If there is a person who does not feel psychologically uncomfortable with cognitive dissonance, the theory will not apply. These people do not fit into society and lead to many problems such as serial killers or random shooters. Yet the Cognitive Dissonance theory is not solely affected by assumptions but also by the number of dissonant cognitions and the significance of the dissonance. ForShow MoreRelatedLeon Festingers Theory Of Cognitive Dissonance1500 Words   |  6 PagesThis essay will evaluate the presentation of Leon Festinger’s theory of cognitive dissonance in the world of social psychology. Throughout I will discuss the establishment of his theory, it’s supporting evidence and any limitations of this. I will also deliberate what it can explain and the alternative explanations presented by other psychologists; how they differ from Festinger’s, how they add to Festinger’s original theory and finally how they extend the knowledge in understanding the interactionRead MoreActions Caused by Cognitive Dissonance Essay919 Words   |  4 PagesFestinger’s cognitive dissonance theory that asserts that we act to reduce discomfort or dissonance, an unpleasant tension, we e xperience when two of our thoughts or cognitions are inconsistent. Mkimmie, et al. (2003) investigated the impact of social support on cognitive dissonance arousal in their experiment, â€Å"I’m a Hypocrite, but So Is Everyone Else: Group Support and the Reduction of Cognitive Dissonance.† The psychologists aimed to test the impact of social support on dissonance by testing twoRead MoreBeing Somebody Else: Emotional Labour and Emotional Dissonance by Dijk and Kirk 1240 Words   |  5 PagesAssessment 1 The aim of this text is to critical review two academic papers related to the emotion labour. One is Being Somebody Else: Emotional Labour and Emotional Dissonance in the Context of the Service Experience at a Heritage Tourism Site by Dijk and Kirk (2007), which is discusses about if emotion labour causes negative job outcome. Another paper is the writing of Karatepe, Yorganci and Haktanir (2008) named Outcomes of customer verbal aggression among hotel employees. It mainly focusesRead More Cognitive Dissonance Essay2032 Words   |  9 Pages Cognitive Dissonance How do human beings make decisions? What triggers a person to take action at any given point? These are all questions that I will attempt to answer with my theoretical research into Leon Festingers theory of cognitive dissonance, as well as many of the other related theories. We often do not realize the psychological events that take place in our everyday lives. It is important to take notice of theories, such as the balance theory, the congruency theory and the cognitiveRead MoreCognitive Dissonance Analysis: Stepping Out of Assigned Roles2152 Words   |  9 PagesRunning Head: Cognitive Dissonance Analysis Cognitive Dissonance Analysis: Stepping Out of Assigned Roles Randi Cutler Lehigh University Abstract Research conducted by Leon Festinger and James M. Carlsmith has shown promise for the effects of cognitive dissonance on personal belief, and the adjustment of those beliefs to match publicly supported, yet contradictory arguments. We are testing to see whether the cognitive dissonance theory can be overcome by explicitly telling participantsRead MorePsychological Factors Affecting Consumers’ Purchasing-Decisions of Eco-Labelled Products5124 Words   |  21 PagesThà ¸gersen (2000) – Psychological determinants of paying attention to eco-labels in purchase decisions!......................................................................................................................................!3! 2.2 Cognitive dissonance and Attitudes!..................................................................................................!4! 2.3 New model and Research Question!......................................................................................Read MoreDane S Claussens Paper on Cognitive Dissonance, Media Illiteracy and Public Opinion on News Media: A Critical Analysis2091 Words   |  8 PagesCritical analysis of Dane S. Claussens paper on cognitive dissonance, media illiteracy and public opinion on news media This paper aims at providing a critical analysis of Dane S. Claussens paper on, and titled, cognitive dissonance, media illiteracy and public opinion on news media. In this paper you will find, first a brief description of the paper being critiqued, followed by a short summary of the paper. Then you will find a brief description of the contextual position and importance of thisRead MoreRacism : A Controversial Topic On Contemporary American Society1358 Words   |  6 Pagespeaceful to full on chaos and violence. One could connect this interracial violence and protests to several different criminological theories, including conflict theory, differential selection and processing hypothesis, and neutralization theory. Likewise, these theories could be combined with an end-to end theoretical integration method in order to strengthen empirical validity. Current Event On November 19th, 2015, a fatal shooting of an unarmed black male, Jamar Clark, by two white police officersRead MoreDifferent Theories of Motivation1736 Words   |  7 Pagesthat activates behavior and gives it direction. The term motivation theory is concerned with the processes that describe why and how human behavior is activated and directed. It is regarded as one of the most important areas of study in the field of organizational behavior. There are two different categories of motivation theories such as content theories, and process theories. Even though there are different motivation theories, none of them are universally accepted. Motivational Concepts RewardRead MoreEssay on Different Theories Of Motivation1724 Words   |  7 Pagesthat activates behavior and gives it direction. The term motivation theory is concerned with the processes that describe why and how human behavior is activated and directed. It is regarded as one of the most important areas of study in the field of organizational behavior. There are two different categories of motivation theories such as content theories, and process theories. Even though there are different motivation theories, none of them are universally accepted. Motivational Concepts Reward

Secret Essay Example For Students

Secret Essay SecretsIt is a nature of people to share their feelings and secrets with their so-called friends. Secrets are mostly situation that involves this one person who has to deal with the issues of his or her privacy when telling the secret and at the same time does not want third party to know. However, it is better to the listener than the secret teller. For instance, if a person has an important decision to make and if he/she does not want anybody to else to know the situation, but at the same token needs suggestion or advice from people who he/she can trust, it does not matter how hard he/she thinks, he/she might not be able to come up with a good decision. The reason being is that he/she is too involved in the situation hence prevent him/her from thinking properly. At this point, it is better to ask for second opinion especially from a friend or someone who can be trusted. I believe that secrets should be kept between you and your friend because that is the foundation of a relationshi p and it helps you release the stress thats building inside. Every individual has at one time or another shares some kind of secret to his or her friend. This is where the foundation of a true friendship begins. Good friends are hard to find; therefore, if you happen to have a good friend you would want to share things with that friend and expect that friend to keep your secret for you. By doing so implies that you consider him/her as one of your own people such as your father/mother or husband/wife. Also, you are insinuating to your friend that you trust him/her enough to share your most intimate thoughts and feelings. Thus in return that friend should respect you enough to keep your secret for you until you are ready to announce it to the world. Another example is that when you tell your friend your secret, you expect that friend to help you solve your problem. Or at least give you some suggestions in finding a solution to your problem. A true friend would not mind helping you because he/she knows that you would do the same for him/her. This friend not only would feel good about helping you but also feels fortunate that you would go to him/her for help. Just the thought of helping you release all those tension is enough to cheer your friend. Nonetheless, the reason you would want to tell someone your secret is because it is eating you up inside and the only way to release it is to tell someone something. After telling the whole secret or even just a little part of it does a lot of good. That is why many people tell their friends things. Many people tell secrets for different reason. It is a part of human nature for one friend to tell another the secret and expect that friend to keep the secret for you. A strong friendship should have some kind of foundation and trust. If a friendship lacks these two fundamental elements, then that relationship would not last. Friends should be able to trust one another and share whatever on ones mind. Also, friends tell another friend their secrets because it helps them liberate the pressure and anxiety thats building inside. For these reasons, I truly believe that a true friend will keep your secrets for you.

Right Selection of Members for Decision-Making

Question: Discuss about the Right Selection of Members for Decision-Making. Answer: Introduction A case study meeting has been studied and certain failures in terms of decision-making have been identified. This assignment will discuss about the differences in personality types that failed the meeting and evaluate the perceptions of individuals in terms of response. How an organization can manage individual differences and overcome strategic challenges will be discussed in this assignment through critical analysis. This assignment will mainly focus on enhancing strategic management in organization through case study analysis. Myers Briggs theories The types of personalities are examined in the following table: Extraversion and Introversion This style gives the idea of energy direction. Tokunbo Jegede is the marketing personnel who can be listed under this category. Sensing and Intuition This style indicates such people who deal with facts. Davido Banks is the operational personal who can be listed under this category. Thinking and Feeling This style indicates decision-making and Zainab Smith is the personal who can be listed under this category in design department. Judgment and Perception This style indicates planned lifestyle and organized preference for doing tasks (Poursafar, Devi and Rodrigues 2015). Therefore, Gloria Brown, who is the engineering personnel, can be listed under this category. Table 1: Personality types and identification (Source: Lloyd 2012) While reviewing the case study, it has been found that each of the personality types started to wrangle among each other, but only Gloria Brown did not try to keep her view aggressively as she knew that the team would never form with such diversified personality types. Therefore, while making decision, it will be best for the organization to select one type of personality trait. The most effective personality trait will be Judgment and Perception as this personality type indicates logical method of thinking and organized planning (Cohen, Ornoy and Keren 2013). In the case study, it has been found that none of the members thought of organized way of planning, rather each of them started to present their own views. Therefore, the best type of personality will be Judgment and Perception, as members will initially try to logically think about the facts while decision making and present the best organized and logical strategy at the end of the meeting. Attribution Theory According to Westwood et al. (2014), attribution theory deals with identifying the process by which people explain the causes and behavior of individuals. In this case study, it has been found that all the people were trying to blame each other, which can be referred as the interpersonal attribution. Each of the members was deviated by the response of the other personnel so that their own candidate could have been defended. On the other hand, Harvey et al. (2014) pointed out that common sense psychology observes, analyze and explain behaviors of each other, which is attributed by external attributions. This has been the same case for the respondents in the case study. Furthermore, Snead et al. (2015) pointed out that if individuals try to respond in such a way, where logical and rational attributes are entertained, then surely perception of other members will be changed. For this case, members must have thought of covariance. If the members could have allocated the reasons behind the poor performance of their best candidates, the management must have understood the reason behind such perception. On the other hand, Hareli (2014) pointed out that three-dimensional model of attribution theory gives the view that individuals will commit the same type of behavior if they act on the same situation in future. The CEO in the case study came to understand that none of the members had the potential to create the best decision in future and therefore, considering three-dimensional model, he would never hire the same personnel in future. Toluwa, Ralph, Suzzane, Emeka, and Temitope had their own view regarding the performance of the candidates and therefore, they never applied the distinctive information. If the members of the committee have applied the consensus information, then surely they would have acted in different stimuli, which would have given the best answer to the CEO. Managing individual differences at work Four ways by which managers can try to manage differences at work are communication, training, motivation and job allocation. Communication According to Gammack and Poon (2013), most of the projects in an organization fail because of the poor communication among of the members. Organizational projects require a lot of interactive communications among each other but often due to differences in authorities, expertise and knowledge among the team members, communication fails. As a result, project deliverables are not set within the deadline and even the qualities are hampered. On the other hand, Tjosvold and Tjosvold (2015) pointed out that communication is the way by which, mutual sharing of ideas can be processed in a meeting. Furthermore, Ghorbanhosseini (2013) opined that if the leader in a meeting or in a project take the initiative to restore interactive communication by reporting and collaborative interaction among the members from the initial stages, then surely effective deliverables will be reached within a couple of months. Training According to von Krogh, Rossi-Lamastra and Haefliger (2012), employees in an organization have different designation and expertise, but often organizations does not ensure the effective training process so that the employees can be bushed up to perform in the most optimized way. On the other hand, Dehmollaei, Jafari and Gholamipour (2013) pointed out that organizations try to reduce the cost of operation by limiting the longevity of training process, which ultimately hampers the quality of the outcome. When such inefficient employees work in a team for accomplishing a project, they fail to give the best outcome, and thereby hampering the total project output. Hell and Ershov (2014) opined that if the employees are trained prior to performance, then ambiguity and differences among the team members will be reduced. The team members will be able to deliver the best output only when they know about each other, which will be accomplished during the training session. Individual differences will be sorted out during the training session, members will come to know about each other, and according to that team leader will delegate responsibilities among the members. Motivation Motivation is the primary factor that reduces the feeling of indifferences among the team members. If an employee is motivated then, it will be reflected in their performance. A team is consisted of different types of expertise and therefore, it is quite natural that there will be differences in performance. Performance of one member will be different from the other, which will surely affect the performance. Therefore, if a team leader motivates the poor performer irrespective of his performance, then surely the candidate will try to deliver better output. In this way, a team will be formed that will have the best members who are always committed to perform well and achieve more, leading to the better outcome of project. Finally, it can be said that motivation is the factor that gives rise to achieve organization goal. Job Allocation According to Durand and Paolella (2013), individual differences in a team, occur mostly due to inappropriate job allocation. Team members are having different skills, expertise and knowledge and according to that team leader is supposed to delegate tasks. Cheng and Humphreys (2012) pointed out that often it is found team leader does not have the knowledge of its members and therefore, it is the team members who have to suffer. If team leader does not have the knowledge of its members and their ability, then surely they will fail to perform well. On the other hand, Menon et al. (2015) argued that the team leader deliberately creates differences among the team members by giving inappropriate tasks. Therefore, the management has to take care of the type of team members who are present in a team and according to that needs to make sure of the tasks that are to be allocated among the members. This will help in restoring the best outcome for any king of project, as any sort of differences will be resolved prior to initiation of project. Strategic Goal In the case study, the main marketing goal is to create advertising to market their new mop. The four departments that are associated with the strategic goal are operations department, marketing department, design department and engineering department. The key functions of the each of the departments are given in the following table: Departments Functions Operations department Budgeting: Cost related options will be identified and configurations for reducing the operational expense will be determined. People: Operations manager has to take care of the type of people who will be associated with the project. The manager will need to allocate adequate amount of employees for operational improvement and product designing. Leadership: Operation manager has to ensure transactional leadership style so that employees feel free to communicate with the manger regarding shortcomings and requirements. Marketing department Strategy: Marketing managers will try to responsively create strategy by setting in line with overall corporate objectives Sales Support: Manager has to support the sales team by high quality leads and communication system. Create Advertisement strategy: Marketing manager has to identify the appropriate marketing strategy such as event management or online sales promotions. Design department Product Uniqueness: Though the product is new to the market, but the demand is not so high, therefore, design department needs to create distinctive feature for the product and attractive design so that sales is achieved at the highest rate. Product Packaging: Packaging is the part of design and therefore, design department has to restore attractive packaging so ensure consumer provocation. Engineering department Develop: The engineering department needs to develop the product in terms of features, shapes, configurations and technical requirements. Construction: A manager in this department needs to ensure desired yield quality and organize personnel. Production: Equipment selection, economic and human factors will have to be selected by the engineering department Table 2: Key Departmental Functions (Source: Dehmollaei, Jafari and Gholamipour 2013) Each of the departments needs to work in the most efficient way and communicate with each other. The managers will need to identify the strategy, which will be suitable for both the organization and for the stakeholders. Operation manager will need to identify the process, people and budget that will be required for the whole project. After the process has been identified, the design and engineering department will communicated regarding their concerns. The marketing manager and operation manager will discuss about the cost and benefits of the strategies and finally, the project will be executed. The main objective has been to create advertisement strategy and for that, each of the departments will need to address their concerns regarding the type of information that will be provided in the advertisement. Two Challenges for organization Personality Difference While developing the strategy for advertisement, the management has thought of selecting the right departments and right members but somehow each of the departments were not aware of identifying the right personality traits. According to Cohen, Ornoy and Keren (2013), one of the most important criteria for team development is to select such members who has the adequate cohesion power. Therefore, the organization must have selected Judgment and Perception personality trait. Such personality would have given the best-organized and logical strategic output within the given time frame. Communication According to Harvey et al. (2014), if a team in an organization does not have the adequate number of trained and behaved employees, then surely communication factor will prove to be ineffective. This has been the same condition for this organization. In the meeting, from the very first stage, each of the members started to prove why they were right, and never listened to each other. Therefore, communication was not effective for the members. Communication gap and placement of ideas were lacking among the team members, which led to dissolve the team. Conclusion While concluding, it can be said that the organization did not have right selection of members for decision-making. 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