Stem Cell Research Essay - 1758 Words

Stem cell research has caused a big ethical debate across the nation. The stem cell lines developed for stem cell research are established from embryos after fertilization. An embryo is then divided into individual cells to create a stem cell line. From the embryo, one cell is placed in a dish and nourished with substances that stimulate the cell to divide, then the resulting line will then continue to divide in a managed environment and if taken care of properly (Creating Stem Cells For Research). The stem cells created can then be used to replace damaged cells. The United States Congress should support stem cell research for helping cure diseases but not for the experimentation of human cloning. Stem cells create many amazing†¦show more content†¦Recent research has found populations of stem cells in many tissues such as the liver, lungs, brain, and even teeth. Scientists are also predicting that they will sooner or later find stem cells in almost every tissue, giving scie ntists the opportunity of repairing a persons tissue with their own cells (Brownlee). It is possible, that one day, stem cells will not only make other cells but also organize these cells into an organ (Stem Cells to the Rescue?). For scientists interested in using stem cells to take the place of damaged cells, it is crucial to coax the stem cells to differentiate into the right tissue type before they are placed where they are needed (Brownlee). Douglas Losordo from Tufts University in Boston and his colleagues have done research that shows that stem cells from bone marrow circulating in the blood, could transform into the cells that make up blood vessels. New blood vessels could provide different paths for blood flow in patients with clogged arteries (Brownlee). Future experiments will look into the possibility that stem cells can transform into other types of cells, such as brain cells. In the long term, stem cells that could help repair human tissues is an available possibility (Testing science). Although stem cell research brings many positives to the table, it also has a lot of negative prospects. The most well known and controversial part of stem cell research is the destruction of a human embryo. This factorShow MoreRelatedStem Cell Research : Stem Cells1338 Words   |  6 Pages Stem Cells Stem cells are cells that are found throughout the human body. They reproduce over a long period of time without changing. Stem cells can produce specialized cells, such as brain, muscle or lung cells. Stem cells in the last few years have recently made a big debut because medical professionals have discovered so many unique qualities to stem cells. They are on the cutting edge of medicine because of all their uses and the qualities that make them so unique from any other cell in theRead MoreStem Cell Research : Stem Cells1416 Words   |  6 PagesSTEM CELLS In this report, I mainly focused on Stem-Cells. You will read about Stem-Cells and its history from the moment this term was known. Also, you will know the Sources, properties, and the types of Stem-Cells. In addition, you will know some of the pros and cons researches about Stem-Cells. Stem-Cells are cells that have the ability to divide and multiply and renew itself. †¢ Sources of Stem-Cells: 1- The first source is Bone Marrow. 2- The second source isRead MoreStem Cell Research : Stem Cells941 Words   |  4 PagesStem cells have the extraordinary power to develop into several body cell types during early growth and development. (Stem Cell Basics). Stem cells are either embryonic: from a human fetus, or somatic: from an adult (Stem Cell Basics).These cells can be used to rebuild body tissue, treat diseases, and even cure others. They can be more effective in treatment of illness than the common treatment, such as therapy or medication. Stem cells are potentially more medically effective than traditional treatmentsRead MoreStem Cells And Stem Cell Research1310 Words   |  6 Pagesnonspecialized cells which have the potential to create other types of specific cells in order to survive? Those cells are called Stem Cells and they are very crucial to develop organisms. Stem cell research is a subject that most people in the world have a different viewpoint on. Some view the issue of stem cell research and ste m cell therapy as morally wrong and a crime against humanity, others view the study of stem cells as the next step in modern science (Reeve.) I think in some twisted way, stem cellRead MoreStem Cell Research : Stem Cells1261 Words   |  6 Pagescure diseases. Now we have stem cell therapy. Stem cells promise future cures for many currently considered to be â€Å"incurable† diseases, but with more research, we can overcome the controversy surrounding this this topic and help people live longer, improve their quality of life, and save many many lives. To understand the big hype about stem cells, one must know what a stem cell is. Stem cells have specialized functions that have the potential to become any type of cell in the body. According toRead MoreStem Cell Research : Stem Cells999 Words   |  4 PagesSTEM CELLS WORKING TO SPECIALIZE INTO CARDIAC CELLS Once the stem cells are delivered near the damaged areas of the heart, the regeneration of cardiac (heart) cells is possible. There is a lack of understanding on how or why specifically the stem cells turn into heart cells. â€Å"Recent studies indicated that the benefits associated with adult stem cell injection might come from paracrine effects, the effect of a nearby cell sending chemical and electrical signals to the stem cell, and not from myocardialRead MoreStem Cell Research : Stem Cells1416 Words   |  6 PagesDana Moua English IV 25 April 2016 Stem Cell Research What are stem cells? Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that are found in multicellular organisms. The reason for scientist’s interest in stem cells is because of the possible applications of using them. These stem cells can be used to regrow organs/tissues. By using stem cells, scientists may be able to find cures for different cancers, certain genetic diseases, and different physical trauma damages. They can be used to treat a varietyRead MoreStem Research On Stem Cell Research1747 Words   |  7 PagesEnglish 111-36 25 November 2014 Stem Cell Research Stem cell research has cultivated a new, miraculous study in the health field. The study has led to an increase in curing diseases over the past couple of decades. Before stem cell research, diseases were destroying and devastating lives continuously on end. With the use of stem cells in modern time, diseases are no longer taking control of lives. The innovation in biomedical technology, such as stem cell research, has greatly impacted the understandingRead MoreStem Cell Research : Stem Cells1999 Words   |  8 Pagesregenerative medicine, commonly known as stem cell research. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells within the body that have the capability to specialize into any tissue. They are most commonly found in cord blood, bone marrow, organ donations, placenta, and embryos . Stem cells are seen by some as a new miracle treatment, encouraging many countries to invest in their research. The transfer of information, often shared through scientific reports and research, puts this topic in a highly internationalRead MoreStem Research On Stem Cell Research1271 Words   |  6 Pages! ! ! Stem Cells Research ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Jabaree Shipp English III NCVPS Mrs.Gallos 8, December 2014 ! ! ! ! ! ! Throughout most of our lifetime on Earth many have pondered the thought of how they and the things around them have been created. They wondered what makes grass grow to what makes themselves grow mentally and physically. Through extensive research and major advancements in technology over these years, decades, and centuries we still have no answer to our own questions. But, we do however

Human Rights Act 1998 ( Hra ) - 1627 Words

Human Rights Act 1998(HRA) gives effect to the convention in the UK law, it does this to reschedule one of the Acts. The statute is considered a constitutional importance since it has a major effect on the way that the statute interacts with its citizens. One of the major concerns that was around when the HRA 1998 was first passed, was what effect it would have on Parliamentary Sovereignty, to an extent it is a debate that it still ongoing when you consider the things like the interaction with the UK legal system in Europe. However, the HRA 1998 itself has limited to no effect on Parliamentary Sovereignty. S6 requires all public authorities to be bound by the HRA 1998, however, on S6(3) Parliament is explicitly mentioned as not being a public authority and therefore it is not bound by it. S10 normally requires ministers to make a statement of compatibility whenever a new act is going through Parliament, however, there is no requirement to do this. S4 concerns Declaration of Incompati bility by the Courts so the Courts themselves decide whether this piece of legislation is not compatible with the HRA when this happens though the ministers are given an opportunity to correct the piece of legislation since if it does become compatible but again there is no requirement to do so, the Courts unlike in other countries cannot strike down a piece of legislation, they can suggest to Parliament that it is incompatible. Section 2 requires the Courts to take in account decisions made byShow MoreRelatedHuman Rights Act 1998 ( Hra )3755 Words   |  16 PagesSection C: 8 Before the Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA) coming into force, the UK subscribed to a ‘weak’ judicial review. However, the Act has brought a drastic change into the practice of judicial review in the UK. In this essay, I shall argue that with the new powers conferred to the courts under sections 3 and 4 (ss 3 and 4) of the HRA, they have developed a mechanism which allows the court to communicate with Parliament through their interpretations although the practice of judicial review remainsRead MoreThe Between The Uk Parliament And The Human Rights Act 1998 ( Hra ) On Sovereignty1030 Words   |  5 PagesParliamentary Sovereignty is, as Dicey coined â€Å"the right to make or unmake any law whatever†¦ [with] no person or body†¦ having a right to override or set aside the legislation of Parliament.† Immediately, we see a contradiction between the UK Parliament and the Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA) on sovereignty. The issues David Cameron puts forward in his spe ech have all attracted much attention from a Human Rights perspective. More and more the European Courts of Human Rights (ECHR) are becoming an integral part ofRead MoreThe Doctrine Of Precedent And The Human Rights Act 1998 ( Hra ) And Alternative Dispute Resolution2278 Words   |  10 Pagesindispensable foundation to the common law’ and English legal system (ELS). This paper will examine the importance of the role of precedent in English law and how that role has changed as a consequence of statutory interpretation, the Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA) and alternative dispute resolution (A.D.R) in civil disputes. The principle of precedent has long been established as a cornerstone of our common law jurisdiction. This was illustrated clearly in the Mirehouse v Rennell ruling of 1833Read MoreSignificance of Section 3 and 4 of the Human Rights Act 19981312 Words   |  5 PagesThe power to strike down Acts of Parliament is defined as the power to declare legislation invalid because it is unconstitutional. This paper will critically assess sections 3 and 4 of the HRA 1998 by defining them, reviewing case law surrounding their use, and by evaluating the powers that they give to the judiciary. By doing so, it will demonstrate that section 3 gives judges powers that are not significantly different from the power to strike down Acts of Parliament, whereas section 4 does notRead MoreThe Doctrine Of Parliamentary Sovereignty1609 Words   |  7 PagesUnion (EU) and its endorsement of the Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA). In order to analyse this notion, it is essential to outline the traditional doctrin e of Parliamentary Sovereignty. The essay will reflect upon the evidence in respect of Britain’s membership of the EU and the degree to which it affects Parliamentary Sovereignty and also reflect upon Britain’s enactment of the HRA in the same way. The doctrine of Parliamentary Sovereignty stems from the Bill of Rights 1689 which effectively establishedRead MoreParliamentary Sovereignty Essay1121 Words   |  5 Pagescomplicated when it is assessed in isolation. Only in connection with other constitutional principles difficult tensions arise. The orthodox view of parliamentary sovereignty is simply that only parliament has the right to make or unmake law and that no other institution can challenge that right. This also includes the rule that parliament cannot bind its successors. Parliament can follow its own procedural rules as it wishes and court cannot examine the procedure by which legislation has been passedRead MoreThe Extent to Which the Human Rights Act of 1998 Strengthened the Rule of Law in the U.K. Constitution2570 Words   |  11 PagesThe Extent to Which the Human Rights Act of 1998 Strengthened the Rule of Law in the U.K. Constitution The Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA), an Act introduced to give effect to rights from the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) in domestic legislation. Its introduction has affected many legal areas; especially the conceptions of the rule of law and their place in the UK constitution. To understand the effect of the HRA, it is first necessary to establish the initial statusRead MoreThe Human Rights Act3299 Words   |  14 Pagesâ€Å"What are we to make then of the promise of the Human Rights Act that it would provide for better protection of civil liberties?† KD Ewing The Futility of the Human Rights Act (2004) Public Law Background to the Human Rights Act (HRA) The Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA) was granted royal assent on the 9th November 1998, however, it was not fully implemented until the 2nd of October 2000. Previous to the implementation of the HRA , anyone who wanted to challenge the decision of the UK GovernmentRead MoreEssay about The Human Rights Act2435 Words   |  10 PagesThe Human Rights Act ‘The Human Rights Act in its present form, besides failing to properly incorporate the European Convention on Human Rights, gives the United Kingdom a defective law which puts it at the bottom of any international league table of bills of rights. The Act talks of rights, but keeps them at arms length and has as a consequence been hesitantly applied by the courts.’ DiscussRead MoreHow Creative Judicial Interpretation Has Changed Over The Last 50 Years Essay2011 Words   |  9 Pagescase law and legislation such as The Human Rights Act (HRA), a wider judicial interpretation has become more accepted as the UK constitution is taking a more contemporary shape in parallel to our changing environment. The Contemporary UK constitution is now less rigid than that traditionally known, it is beginning to move away from the belief that Parliamentary Sovereignty is the cornerstone of our constitution and becoming more accepting of change. The HRA 1998 has been heavily involved in the gradual

Low Cost or Differentiation Free Essays

1. Using scenario planning, analyze the pros and cons of each alternative. Alternative of low cost Pros * New traffic for budget conscious customers * More sales volume Cons * More needed space to hold product * Less product available because selling product faster * More labor required for replenishment of inventory and store front * More disgruntled employees from sheer volume of customers * High employee turnover from stress Alternative of differentiation Pros * Highlights company strengths and niches * Attract target customers * Higher revenue per transaction Lower cost because specialized inventory needs less space Cons * Alienate customers that can’t afford higher cost of product * Higher market risk because business is less diversified Alternative of using both low cost and differentiation Pros * More customer volume * More diversified customer base * More opportunities through greater sales options Cons * Need more space * Labor will feel more drained due to employees needing to have more product knowledge on a higher volume of product * Low cost diminishes the prestige and experience of the high cost * Low cost stigma diminished by expensive product . We will write a custom essay sample on Low Cost or Differentiation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Think about the various clothing retailers in your local malls and city, and analyze the choices they have made about how to compete with one another along the low-cost and differentiation dimensions. Low cost Macy’s has gone to lower price points and over time lost prestige in the market. Macy’s has attempted to go for more volume but because of the recession was always empty whenever I walked into the store. They stopped lower cost because they didn’t want to lose appearance of the go to fashion locale, instead they were being viewed as the cheaper last season stop. Macy’s is now trying to stop the decline in their reputation but are still stuck in the middle, like the example in the book. Differentiation In the last five years Nordstrom seems to be the go to up to date fashion stop for people seeking high end fashion. The prices are noticeably higher. Nordstrom clearly differentiates themselves through superior customer service, cleaner stores, and top designer name brands. Nordstrom differentiates themselves further with a near unlimited open return policy, free alterations and tailoring, helpful employees happy to be there, and employees happy to help showing why they are worth the extra money. How to cite Low Cost or Differentiation, Essay examples

Business Law and Legal Environment†Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Business Law and Legal Environment. Answer: Introduction The main purpose of law in a business contest is to oversee the Management conducts of the transacting parties. The law may enforce promises while overseeing agreements and contracts, or it may administer the conducts of the transacting parties under the law of tort. Common law enables the court to reason in a rational manner and assess the plaintiffs case in a justice way. This paper will be an examination of the application of common law, equity, tort, and agency law. Singapore uses English common as its primary law in its legal system. In (Tan, 2011) English common law came into Singapore through the Second Charter of Justice 1826. From then Singapore had been using the precedent rules as an essential part of its legal system. Besides, the legal system has accommodated the law of Equity and both laws form a magnificent part of Singapore Law. The general, precedent system is whereby a court's decision is based on what was decided. In (Mitchell, 2009) " Judicial precedent is a system of law-making by judges where the decisions made by judges, referred to as precedents, are used as models for future cases, and these are developed on a case-by-case basis to establish areas of law. Equity is a branch of law that originated from the Chancery Courts. Equity law aims at giving the plaintiff fairness, justice, and a clear conscience. In (Antoine, 2008), It is generally held that equity applies the principles of conscience. These are the postulates of English law that were formed and implemented in the ecclesiastical courts, the chancery, and admiralty. The different types of remedies available at equity are Injunction, specific performance, rectification, and restitution. These remedies are discretional. This means that its upon the court to reason and issue the remedy that it deems fit. The concept of promissory estoppels started with Lord Denning. In simple, (Twomey et al., 2011) the doctrine of promissory estoppel guides the court to enforcing promises despite that they lack considerations. The only requirement is that the plaintiff promised something to the defendant, then the defendant changed its position by relying on that promise. It's more of an inducement from the plaintiff to the defendant causing him/her to depend on his/her future actions. There are requirements for promissory estoppels, In (Miller, 2016), there must be a definite and unambiguous promise plus an expectation of the promisor that the promisee would act on the given promise. The promisee should prove that it absolutely acted in assurance on that promise which caused substantial damages. Lastly, if the promise would not be enforced, the innocent party would suffer injustice. The tenant cannot avoid the payment of full rent after 1945. The main reason is that there is no consideration for lowering the price. Secondly, the lowering of rent was due to the WW2. Thirdly, the suit had already served as notice to end the variation. For instance, in (Tool Metal Manufacturing v Tungsten [1955]) the court held that counterclaim was a substantial notice of the intention for reverting to the original Management contract. Therefore, the plaintiffs could not succeed on the reliance of the promissory estoppels. The issue in this question is the limitation of liability in bailment. Under normal circumstances, the law allows the bailee to limit the claims for liability by the bailor. However, the law has set the conditions that a bailee may limit such liability. In (Clarkson et al., 2014), In order to exercise the limitation; First of all, It is imperative that the bailee informs the bailor of the limitation, e.g., through a sign. In the decision whether a particular sign will constitute notice or not depends on the location and size. So this fact rules out the ticket as a notice of sign. Secondly, the limitations should not be working against any public policy. For instance, in bailment where mutual-benefit are occurring, there is a high chance of rebutting exculpatory clauses as a defense for negligence. So following this explanation, a ticket doesnt constitute a valid notice, and the court is likely to dismiss the ticket and allow Brigitte to recover the damages. One of the reasons is that the ticket doesnt amount to a valid contract. So family bus company has a duty similar to the ruling in (Bridge Tower V. Meridian Computer Center, [2012]), The court held that Meridian Computer breached the contract and therefore Bridge Tower had the right to recover the damages. For Lam to be compensated, he can initiate a claim in two way. The main ways is under the neighbor principle, and then support his case with the concept of an implied secondary reasonable assumption of risk. The neighbor principle was set in [Donoghue v Stevenson (1932)]. This principle aims at establishing the elements for negligence which are the establishment of the facts that the defendant had a duty of care to the claimant. On the other side, Slipperly Pte Ltd may argue that it had warned Lima. This is where the issue of Implied secondary reasonable assumption of risk would come in. In (Shapo, 2010), implied secondary reasonable assumption of risk describes the case where the defendant raises awareness over the risk he/she has negligently created, but the plaintiff voluntarily decided to face the risk in a reasonable way. For example, a possible case is where a landlord's negligence exhibited an infant to fire on a tenant's house, and the tenant rushed to the burning house to sa ve the infant; hence the plaintiff suffered some injuries. In such a case, the court will hold that the defendant cannot call assumption of risk' as a defense. So based on the above explanations, Lima would be entitles to damages like compensation for leg flucture, hospital bills, and the loss of salary if it wont be covered by the medical leave. For this case, its impossible for Lam to sue the two directors. Directors are company trustees in a special way. In (Tyagi and Arun Kumar, 2003), though the directors are the trustees of their company but their position is not like trustees in the legal sense. In general, the law takes a trustee as a person who owns and deals with the in the position of the principal owner. However, in the case of directors, they are just trustees in the matters of company properties, wealth, and powers. This means that they are not liable for loans or other company liabilities Management. With this, one can only sue the company for the breach of a contract but not the trustees. The term agency refers to a relation formulated through implied or express agreement between one person perceived as the principal, and the other person called the agent. The agreement grants the agent with authority to act with a third party on behalf of the principal. With that, the dealings of the agent tie together both the principal and the third persons giving the principal rights against third persons.(Twomey et al., 2011, p 850) The work in (Pillai, 2011) explains this concept as; Agents create contractual relations between the principal and the third parties. This act binds the principal to third persons. Similarly, the agents act gives right to third persons against the principal. An agent is merely a contracting link between the principal and the third parties. The agent has the power to make the principal answerable to the third parties for his conduct. What this means is that the same way Jingley had the authority to deal with Mona, its the same position had Jingleys firm bought from Hagia Mona. Ostensible Authority is the other name for apparent authority. In (Burnett, Bath and Burnett, 2009), a principal can be responsible for the conducts of an agent who acts without authority as far as the principals conduct causes the third person to think that the agent is authorized logically. In simple, the principal doesnt need to allow the agency, but it only requires an agent to do something that will make a third-party assume that the agent has the power. Following this, the principal will be answerable to the third party as though the agent had authority (Klass, 2010). The law takes into account that the principal is responsible to the third party since the principal either by word or deed, made the third party hold that the agent was representing the principal. Notably, for ostensible authority Management requires the principal has to do something that would convince the third party to believe in agents authority. Jingleys firm doesnt have a choice rather than to pay Hagia Mona Catering Ltd. Like it has been explained above on Ostensible authority, a contract formed between an agent with a third party is as binding as when made with the principal under the doctrine of apparent authority (Burnett, Bath and Burnett, 2009). The same case applies to Jingleys firm having Jingley contract with Mona for catering services. The main issue here is that Jingley represented the firm as she has always did, and Hagia Mona believed that she was sent by the firm as it always did. Before this, the firm had made Mona believe that Jingley represents it in acquiring food for the firm, so even for this day, Mona believed the same. In (Doncaster Metropolitan Borough Council v Racing UK Ltd, [2005]), the court ruled that Mr Sanderson had apparent authority to bind the council the the contract. The case applies to Jingleys firm. Jingley had ostensible authority to bind the Firm with Hagia Mona Catering Pte ltd. Conclusion This paper has discussed the concept of common law, applications of promissory estoppels, tort law as well as agency law. Even though the paper didnt cover those concepts extensively, it has summarized some of the key parts in the mentioned laws. References Tan, K. (2011). Constitutional law in Singapore. 1st ed. Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer law international. Mitchell, A. (2009). AS law. 3rd ed. Abingdon, UK: Routledge-Cavendish, p.75. Antoine, R. (2008). Commonwealth Caribbean law and legal systems. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge-Cavendish, p.166. Shapo, M. (2010). Principles of tort law. 3rd ed. West Academic. Twomey, D., Jennings, M., Fox, I. and Anderson, R. (2011). Anderson's business law and the legal environment. 21st ed. Mason, Ohio: South-Western Cengage Learning, p.340. Miller, R. (2016). Business Law Today, Standard: Text Summarized Cases. 11th ed. Cengage Learning, p.291. Klass, G. (2010). Contract law in the USA. 1st ed. Alphen aan den Rijn, The Netherlands: Kluwer Law International, p.238. Pillai, R. (2011). Legal aspects of business. 1st ed. [Place of publication not identified]: S Chand Co Ltd, p.212. Tyagi, M. and Arun Kumar (2003). Company law. 1st ed. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers and Distributors, p.252. Clarkson, K., Miller, R., Cross, F. and Clarkson, K. (2014). Business law. 14th ed. Cengage Learning, p.947. Burnett, R., Bath, V. and Burnett, R. (2009). Law of international business in Australasia. 1st ed. Sydney, N.S.W.: Federation Press, p.368. Tool Metal Manufacturing v Tungsten [1955] 1 WLR 761 House of Lords Bridge Tower V. Meridian Computer Center, [2012] 272 P.3d 541, 152 Idaho 569 Doncaster Metropolitan Borough Council v. Racing UK Ltd [2005] EWCA, Civ 999